Effects of Technology Essay

Technology and the changes it brings can have a very big effect on our lives. Which technological change has had the largest effect on life in this country? Why? Write an essay explaining the technology you have chosen and how it has affected our lives.†, and the essay is below. Smartphone technology has had the greatest effect on life in this country; however, it can be both a blessing and a curse in today’s society. This type of technology directly impacts how we go through our daily lives, and it continues to evolve at a rapid pace. The way in which this technology impacts lives can normally be managed by the individual user. The speed in which it brings information to the public is unprecedented. Everyone with a smartphone or tablet has access to limitless information right at their fingertips. The way in which people communicate as a result of smartphone technology has changed dramatically. There tends to be less of a verbal connection between individuals due to digital communication. This impact can be seen when eating dinner at a restaurant and looking around the room. Most likely, the majority of the people observed would be staring at their smartphones rather than communicating with their dining party. Another growing problem with smartphone technology in today’s society is texting while driving. This dangerous action can put the offender and many others at risk. There are many benefits to the evolution of cell phone technology. Teachers and students are able to access information instantly. This saves both time and money in certain situations. Smartphone technology has been used in medical research and treatment that has continued to improve the quality of life of patients across the globe. This technology has also been used by law enforcement and has aided in locating missing children with alerts being sent directly to people’s smartphones. The ease in which most users of all ages are able to operate a smartphone is astounding. The limits for this type of technology are truly endless. It is amazing to see how far technology has advanced in such a short period of time. However, people must be cognoscente of the impacts, whether good or bad, that technology can have on society as a whole. Technology, as with most things, must be used responsibly and in moderation.

Love is Greater than Hate (Tale of Two Cities)

In Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities, he illustrates the constant battle between love and hate. This battle is never-ending, but in the novel, I believe that love won, and that love is greater than hate. Love is displayed as love for family and friends, while hate is displayed as hate for the aristocrats and revenge. Lucie, a young girl who never met her father, grows into a strong woman and her love for her family is evident. Her love even saved her father from his despair. Miss Pross has love for Lucie, affectionately called Ladybird, and cares for her and her daughter, little Lucie, with her life.However, there is also hate. Madame Defarge hates the aristocrats, mostly the Evremondes, and will go to any length to see them suffer. Sydney Carton hates everyone and hates life in general. Can love overpower these emotions; will love prove it is greater? In Dickens’ novel, it did. Lucie loves her father, from the day they first meet, it is obvious, and the sent iment is soon shared by her father. After living a life of hatred and despair for 18 years, Lucie brings Doctor Manette love.The first glimpse we see of this love that will save Doctor Manette from himself is when Dickens writes, â€Å"His cold white hair mingled with her radiant hair, which warmed and lighted it as though it were the light of Freedom shining on him. † (Dickens, pg. 50). After being with his daughter for awhile, her love freed him from his sufferings and brought him back to the man he used to be. The love that Lucie was able to give him, gave him the strength he needed to overcome the hatred that held him prisoner inside the Bastille for so long.But even then, there were times when he relapsed into his old habits from prison. However, Lucie was the one who could bring him back from that despair and hatred with her love. As Miss Pross remarks, â€Å"In silence they go walking up and down together, walking up and down together, until her love and company have brought him to himself. † (Dickens, pg. 103). This just goes to prove how strong love is and how it is greater than hate. Doctor Manette went through a great ordeal of pain and suffering during his 18 years of imprisonment.He held a hatred for the Evremondes because they are the ones who put him in prison after he tried to condemn them for their unlawful actions towards the peasants. Doctor Manette writes in his letter, â€Å"Them and their descendents, to the very last of their race, I Alexandre Manette, unhappy prisoner, do this very last night of the year 1767, in my unbearable agony, denounce to the times when all these things shall be answered for, I denounce them to Heaven and to earth. † (Dickens, pg. 342).When he is recalled to life by his daughter Lucie, he forgets these troubles and is able to live a happy life. When Lucie falls in love with Charles Darnay, an Evremonde, Doctor Manette’s old pain, hatred, and suffering arises. We see this illustrated wh en Dickens writes, â€Å"In a very curious look at Darnay: an intent look, deepening into a frown of dislike and distrust, not even unmixed with fear. † (Dickens, pg. 86). However, in chapter 10 of Book 2 entitled, Two Promises, Charles Darnay admits to Doctor Manette that he loves his daughter, Lucie.To this, Doctor Manette exhibits that same dark look, but then turns to Darnay and says, â€Å"If she should ever tell me that you are essential to her perfect happiness, I will give her to you. If there were  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Charles Darnay, if there were (†¦) – any fancies, any reasons, any apprehensions, anything whatsoever, new or old, against the man she really loved – the direct responsibility thereof not lying on his head – they should all be obliterated for her sake. She is everything to me; more to me than suffering, more to me than wrong (†¦)† (Dickens, pg.142).Even with the history of the Evremondes haunting him every time he looks at Darnay, he is willing to put it all aside for Lucie, because he loves her so strongly. This is an excellent example of how love trumps hate. As an example of the battle of love and hate, one could take Miss Pross as being the personification of love and Madame Defarge as being the personification of hate. Miss Pross has been serving Lucie since she was a young girl and has therefore fallen in love with the young woman.She will do anything for her and treats Lucie as if she were her own daughter. When Lucie has a little girl, Miss Pross cares for her the same way, with ample love and compassion. In one of the scenes in the novel, we are given a glimpse of the love Miss Pross has for Lucie. Dickens writes, â€Å"Smoothing her rich hair with as much pride as she could possible have taken in her own hair if she had been the vainest and handsomest of women. † (Dickens, pg. 104). Madame Defarge, on the other hand, shows no compassion to anyone.She hates all the aristocrats, but mos t of all, the Evremondes. This is for the same reason as Doctor Manette, because the peasants that were abused by the family were her family, and they died at the hands of the Evremondes. She has let this blind hatred lead her life and fuel her anger most of her life. We can see her hatred when she is knotting the coins in the cloth at the wine-shop, â€Å"She tied a knot with flashing eyes, as if it throttled a foe (†¦) as if it were another enemy strangled. † (Dickens, pg. 185, 186).On the day of Charles Darnay’s execution, Madame Defarge goes to find Lucie, Doctor Manette and little Lucie to condemn them to death also. Instead, she finds only Miss Pross. Thus begins the largest battle of love and hate in the novel. Madame Defarge is determined, and armed, but Miss Pross is filled with the strength of love and loyalty. As they fight, Dickens describes Miss Pross’ strength by writing, â€Å"Miss Pross, with the vigorous tenacity of love, always so much st ronger than hate (†¦) held her round the waist, and clung to her with more than the hold of a drowning woman.† (Dickens, pg. 379).After they struggle for a while, Madame Defarge tries to pull her gun out, but it works against her and suddenly Miss Pross is struggling with a dead body. Love has triumphed over hate in the truest sense as hate dies and love lives on. Sydney Carton’s character is introduced as a brilliant man who is bitter and depressed. He tells Darnay the first time they meet, â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir. I care for no man on earth and no man on earth cares for me. † (Dickens, pg. 90).He also admits to himself in that same passage that he hates Darnay, because he has all that Carton will never have, he is the man Carton will never be. Later on in the book, Carton tells Lucie that he loves her, but is glad that she will never love him, and then he says, â€Å"If my career were of that better kind and there were an opportunity or capa city of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any sacrifice for you and those dear to you (†¦) think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you! † (Dickens, pg.159).This shows that even though Carton has hate for life, he may still show love, but yet none of the two emotions has surpassed the other, until he fulfils his promise to Lucie. When Darnay is sentenced to death by guillotine, Carton sneaks in and takes his place. He sacrifices his life to give Lucie back her husband, to give her back the man that Carton never liked, even hated. The power of love surpassed that of the emotions of hate that Carton has towards Darnay, his love for a woman who will never love him back led his actions.Even at the guillotine, we see the power of love overcoming hate as Carton helps a young seamstress overcome her fears of dying and gave her love before she died. This love was returned to Carton and gave him strength when he went up to die. His face when he died was, â€Å"The peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there. † (Dickens, pg. 385). This further demonstrates that love can, and will always, be greater than hate. Love is by far greater than hate. Love can save, love can heal, and love can grow.Hate is destructive, and that’s its weakness, it has no grasp on people when love is present because love can rebuild all that hate has torn down. In Dickens novel, he gives plenty of proof to show just how powerful love is, and that even if, like Carton, we feel there is no love present, there is, and eventually we will see it. In his novel, we also see that even if hatred has claimed a person for so long, such as Doctor Manette, they can be saved with love.

Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic The WritePass Journal

Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic BACKGROUND Before the discovery of oil in 1956, the Nigerian economy was primarily agrarian with 97% of exports consisting of agricultural produce like cocoa, rubber, cotton just to mention a few, but sad to say that a shift in focus to oil has led to a decline in the production and exports of these produce which presently constitutes just 26.8% of GDP. With the growing need for a sustainable development of the Nigerian economy, there has arisen a need to shift spotlight away from oil and concentrate on other income generating sectors of the economy that can help the foreign exchange position of the country. From 1981, there was a policy shift towards export promotion and a move to intensify the use of local raw material in industrial production. However the increase in the value of imports led to a worsening of the balance of payments (with, in addition, the backdrop of the collapse in world oil prices), which forced the government to promulgate the economic stabilization (Temporary Provisions ) act in April 1982[Inye, 2007]. However, some   incentives have been put together to encourage investment in agriculture, some of which are; Finance credit Tax Holdings, Reduced Customs Charges on Imported Inputs, Technical Support through Research Institutions, Export Financing and Guarantee, Agricultural Insurance Scheme, as Export Processing Zones (EPZs), Export Processing factories (EPFs), Export Processing villages (EPVs) and Extension Services. But most diversification initiatives had not made much headway until recently; they were mainly hampered by poor administration and ineffective trade policy strategy while some are still in their early stages so their impact is yet to be significant. In 2003, a lot of funds was injected into the presidential initiatives on cassava which was introduced to mobilize Nigerians to fully and profitably tap the potentials of cassava which hitherto had remained largely unharnessed, its strategy was to boost the production of cassava for both domestic consumption and for expo rt, this development led to an increase in the production and export of ethanol. Presently,Nigeriaranks as the largest cassava producer in the world with estimated annual production of about 40million metric tons, of which about 90% is consumed as food [Yisa 2009] In Nigeria, agriculture engages majority of the poor so the improvements in the sector is paramount to income generation, welfare enhancement, poverty alleviation, food stabilization and industrialization.   With so many resources left unharnessed like; bitumen, cocoa, cassava cocoa, palm oil, yams, cassava, sorghum, millet, corn, rice, livestock, groundnuts, cotton, Gum Arabic.   A boost in the supply side of these agricultural produce will invariably increase the country’s foreign exchange position, create employment opportunities and reduce overdependence on oil. This paper focuses on one of these unharnessed resources that have the potential of serving as a good source of foreign exchange, Gum Arabic. Gum Arabic is an organic adhesive produced from a tree called Acacia Senegal it is a natural gum that exudes from the exterior of Acacia trees in the form of dry, hard nodules, with over 1,100 Acacia species worldwide, it produces a natural gum made of hardened sap mostly taken from three species of the acacia tree; Acacia senegal (Grade 1) which is the highest grade, Acacia seyal (Grade 2) and Combretum. In Nigeria, the major Acacia utilized for commercial Gum Arabic production are Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal. The produce is used as a thickener, suspender, emulsifier, stabilizer, flavor carrier, binder and encapsulating material, so it is therefore needed in industries such as the textile, food, beverage, dairy and ice cream, cosmetic, confectionary   and pharmaceutical,   thereby making the market for it quite robust. The gum has binding or adhesive properties and as such is used as a good emulsifying agent.   In food products, it serves as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and b inding agent for chewing gums, ice cream and jams. In pharmaceuticals, the gum is a binder in lozenges, tablets, pills, throat pastilles and cough drops. In textile industry, it is used for fabric stiffening and as a binder for textile printing gums. In miscellaneous industries it is used in producing ink, water colors, paints, carbon papers, pottery glace; it is also used in the plastic industry. In confectionery industry it is used for, hard gums, soft gum and gum pastilles. The Gum Arabic tree is usually ready for tapping 4-7 years after its establishment, tapping can then continue every year for at least ten to twelve years then they are finally coppiced for fire-wood and charcoal when the trees are about 15 years old. The tree’s extensive rooting system protects the land and has high potentials of improving soil fertility through inter-cropping with arable crops and its pods are valuable sources of livestock feeds.   Due to the ability of the tree to withstand adverse environmental conditions, is now seen as a potent weapon in the continued fight against desertification and environmental degradation in the Sahelian belt of the country, Edward (1992) stated that   it can be planted as a windbrake or shelterbelt to reduce soil erosion and desertification, as the tree can exist under extreme climatic conditions, it is easily tolerant of an annual average rainfall of less than 300mm and of substantial rainfall and temperature variations over wi de stretching of the northern sudanian – sahelian zone the presence of a Gum Arabic ‘belt’ helps to ‘hold back’ desertification. Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) is grown in the Sahelian zone of the country, covering 14 States of the Federation namely Borno, Yobe, Jigawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Plateau, Adamawa, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara, Nasarawa and Niger with an estimated population of 4 million Nigerians engaged in its cultivation and trade. From available data Africa produces about 98% of the world requirement of gum Arabic,Nigeria is the 2nd largest producer of the crop in the world afterSudan with an average production of 20,000 metric tonnes of all grades of Gum Arabic.   In the year 2004, world production of Gum Arabic was put at 70,000 metric tonnes while Nigerias production amounted to 18,935 metric tonnes with export earnings of US$88.08 million selling the raw form of the product, In 2008 alone Nigeria exported a total of 20,000 metric tons of Gum Arabic estimated at US$43.55m (N6.5325 bill) [commodity network, 2008, cited in, Aghughu and Mokwunye 2010], buyers included USA, Portugal, Holland, India, Japan, UK, France, Germany, Spain, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Italy, and China.   In Anaekwe’s (2010) opinion, the country’s current production of about 20,000 MT is low compared to its potential and it stands to gain US$5.00 for every one kilogramme of processed Gum Arabic. While the Gum Arabic provides a good source of foreign exchange for the nation because of its high international demand, it is generally believe that Nigeria is not fully taking advantage of the large land available for the cultivation of the product, having little from the producing trees and at such, perhaps the most neglected area is in the area of processing, most of the product are harvested and sold as a raw instead of adding value to the product before sale. Industries are frustrated because of inadequacies in infrastructure (notably roads, transport logistics and the ports system) have consistently raised the cost of doing business. Critical among them is the serious deficiency in the supply of electricity which persistently defies solutions. A study on the cost of infrastructure failure inNigeriahas indicated that responders had ranked power outages and voltage fluctuations as among the major obstacles to their operations. The huge cost of production means thatNigeriaâ€℠¢s manufactured goods do not have the desired competitive edge in the international markets [Inye 2007]. According to [Xinshe, Paul, 2007] Low productivity, high transportation, marketing costs, various formal and informal trade barriers (both physical and institutional) and inconsistencies in trade and agriculture policies all contribute to the lack of market competitiveness. In other to resolve some of these challenges, the Gum Arabic Sector Development Program was initiated with the main objectives of, ensuring a reliable and sustained supply of quality gum arabic fromNigeria to theU.S., strengthen the ability of Nigerian stakeholders to produce and market quality gum arabic, and plant more trees in order to control environmental degradation. Presently only little has been achieved. Apart from these national problems, farmers are also faced with certain challenges. In the early 1970s the supply of Gum Arabic was threatened by the following fact; frequent clashes between farmers during gum collection in Acacia field due to lack of ownership of the wild grooves and rapid depletion of the natural forest due to activities of the natives who cut down the Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal tries for fuel wood , tool handles and agric implements as well as fodder and browse for livestock [Mokwunye and Aghughu 2010], presently, the   few   farmers involved in production, face greater   problem as regards   finance. The limited access to finance available is known to be hindered by high interest rates and collateral requirements. Long term access to finance is scant and so it is only the large multinational firms that are likely to receive loans, while the small-scale entrepreneurs are marginalized [Inye 2007]. Hence, because of these constraints, the total perceive d benefits from A Senegal are therefore carefully weighed by the farmer against the expected returning and benefits from cash cropping, food cropping and often from livestock raising and off-form employment, farmers expect that the relative profitability of gum to other crops should ensure sufficient incentives for them to include gum in their farming systems where it is appropriate [Edward 1992]. It is anticipated presently that the use of intercropping of immature Gum Arabic plantation with Arabic crops is recommended for effective utilization of land resources and it’s expected to motivate farmers to adopt Gum Arabic innovations [Dengle et al   2008] At this stage of development, formal training by trained trainers has not been conducted, but an impressive amount of informal training has been done. Newly established National Association of Gum Arabic Producers, Processors and Exporters of Nigeria (NAGAPPEN) chapters in each state have been the vehicle through which informal training has been conducted. Encouraging farmers to plant Gum Arabic in organized plantations and educating them would enhance the efficiency of farmers [Dengle et al 2008]. The stage is now set for the healthy growth of Nigeria’s gum Arabic sector but the deserved attention is still yet to be given by the government in terms of huge financial support and incentives to boost the supply side and there is need for promotion and awareness, as most stakeholders and potential investors are still oblivious of the huge potentials in the product.   Recently there has been a call for new investors to invest in the technology transforming gum Arabic into powder , According to Business world (2010) the project operating at the estimated installed capacity is capable of producing 3000 tons of gum Arabic powder per annum, assuming conservative export price of $10,000per ton and the local sales prices of N150,000 per ton, annual turnover of N2.8billion can be recorded with export volume of 2000 metric tons of refined Gum Arabic powder. A Strong positive profit figure after tax can be generated and a high internal rate of return due to the foreign exchange rate component of the export product is achievable. A three year estimated payback period for the project is guaranteed. To sustain the supply of Gum Arabic to both local and international markets, efforts are being made to establish a Gum Arabic Security Stock in the three leading producing countries (Sudan,NigeriaandChad) with the support of the GAO, Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA) and Association of International Producers of Gum Arabic (AIPG). This will lead to rapid development of natural gum as a national resource for fighting poverty, desertification and environmental degradation. The National strategy for Gum Arabic is to encourage local value addition through increased local processing in order to attract better returns on investments. Thus, apart from providing more income, local processing creates job opportunities thereby empowering our people, Usman [2009] suggests that for greater benefit to enhance export there is need for Public- private partnership, he says that strategies such as establishment of an effective trade facilitation system, organization of regular cap acity programmes, establishment of skills acquisition centers, storage facilities and agricultural trade support infrastructure, are key. Ongoing policy reform and substantial investment in production agriculture and supporting infrastructure are shifting the location of production and exports of agricultural commodities, particularly for bulk agriculture products, away from the developed countries and towards the developing world. As a consequence strong competition is expected to be a feature of international agriculture markets not only from traditional exports but also from the developing and transition country exporters that are exploiting their comparative advantage in agricultural production [OECD-FAO 2006].Nigeriatherefore needs to take advantage of its abundant natural resource cum market availability and prepare for the buoyant production of Gum Arabic.    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES In view of diversifying the Nigerian economy and reducing the high rate of unemployment, this research intends to provide comprehensive information that will guide investment decisions in the Gum Arabic sub sector by taking a thorough look into the potential of investing in Gum Arabic, the opportunities and profitability both in raw and refined form. It also intends to suggest strategies to help boost the supply and demand side of the sector, ensure market efficiency and effectiveness by looking at both the domestic and international market for gum Arabic. The specific objectives are grouped under several headings namely: production, processing and equipments, transportation, products and products development, and export. The specific objectives are as follows: Identify the technical, institutional, socio-economic and policy opportunities and constraints for promoting the Gum   Arabic sub sector Assess the domestic market opportunity for Gum Arabic by-products inNigeriaand suggest how this potential could be realized. Evaluate the economics of Gum Arabic production and processing costs structures (and profitability) of value adding Gum Arabic enterprises and suggest reduction strategy Determine optimal locations of processing plants based on identical markets for various Gum Arabic products. Provide information on marketing cost structure from rural to urban areas for Gum Arabic and its products and determine the break-even distance and volume for Gum Arabic transportation Make recommendations on how to make Gum Arabic and its products competitive within the domestic and export markets To provide insight into the employment opportunities in the Gum Arabic sub-sector. Evaluate Gum Arabic’s contribution to the growth of non-oil exports. The analysis will be in two parts the first part will follow a vertical agribusiness perspective in which we assume that the Gum Arabic sub sector is segmented into four categories where Gum Arabic is produced at the farm level by farmers, processed, and used by agro industries to produce other products and used by other industrial markets. Secondly we look at the export potentials, opportunities and it importance to the diversification of the Nigerian economy. FIRST PART OF THE ANALYSIS Production:   Provide information on the unit production cost for Gum Arabic   in the producing states inNigeria and ascertain the Gum Arabic varieties available and their actual and potential yield Processing and Equipments:   Evaluate the economics of existing Gum Arabic processing equipments and new equipments. This is in view to ascertaining the current status of processing technology and local maintenance capacity. Transportation:   Provide information on transportation costs from rural to urban areas for the movement of Gum Arabic produce. Products and Products Market: Provide information on price trends for Gum Arabic and its products.   Identify and assess the status of existing and potential industries that use or can potentially use Gum Arabic products. And also ascertain the market share and size of use of Gum Arabic as raw material in these identified industries inNigeria. Finally to identify existing and potential volumes, prices, quality standards, and delivery schedules for Gum Arabic based products used by the various industries inNigeria and overseas. SECOND PART OF THE ANALYSIS   Export: Provide information on export quality requirements, delivery schedule, shipping costs and requirements, international prices for Gum Arabic and its products.   Establish Gum Arabic’s contribution to non-oil export growth and as a means of diversifying the economy form Oil.   Finally predict and forecast potentials of the export contribution of Gum Arabic as a stable source of foreign exchange    METHODOLOGY In looking at the causes of technical inefficiencies in Gum Arabic based   cropping patterns among farmers, Dengel   et al ( 2008)   collected primary data using multi-stage, purpose and random sampling techniques, the empirical stochastic frontier production model was used and estimated using the Maximum Likelihood estimation. Edward (1992) carried out a crop profitability, financial, economic and environmental analysis to find the benefits of six representative gum Arabic production systems. This study will build on existing documents, surveys and researches, but it will focus on Gum Arabic producers, processors and traders as well as banks, input dealers and extension institutions. The study will cover all the major sectors where Gum Arabic and its products are (potentially) utilised. For the first part of the analysis, data will be collected in three stages: first wherever available, published data would be used to establish the structure, conduct and performance of Gum-Arabic sub-sector. Secondly, a rapid appraisal survey will be conducted using focused group interviews and key informants to obtain information on trading patterns, transportation facilities, processing costs and marketing systems. The third stage of the study will focus on the captains of industry that use or are potential users of Gum Arabic. This industrial survey will among other things focus on the size and volume of different Gum Arabic commodities required in the domestic market. The Heckscher-ohlin theory of international trade will be applied for the second part of the analysis by applying theOrdinary Least Squareestimation, in view to looking at the Gum Arabic and it contribution or potential contribution to non-exports. Expected Result To find out: the production cost for Gum Arabic in producing states inNigeria The availability of Gum Arabic varieties and their actual and potential yield provided. The economics of existing Gum Arabic processing equipments and new equipment evaluated.   the current status of processing technology, and local maintenance capacity inNigeria The transportation costs from rural to urban areas. The supply chain requirements and preliminary logistic framework.   Price trends for Gum Arabic and its products. The availability and current use of Gum Arabic products together with the key users as well as their supply chain structure (e.g. farmer groups, processor groups, industries etc). The existing and potential volumes, prices, quality standards, and delivery schedules for Gum Arabic-based products used by various industries inNigeriaprovided   Exports quality requirements, delivery schedule, international prices for Gum Arabic -based products, and niche markets forNigeria.   Expected rate of return on investment for investors   Predictions and   forecast on the long term viability on exporting Gum Arabic in terms of foreign exchange earnings to the country. Its potential in terms of contribution to non-oil exports Employment opportunities through development of the sub-sector. Suggest policies for the development of the sub-sector. The study will interest a wide range of readers including Gum Arabic producers, policy-makers, donors and banks, scientists and technicians, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. SOME ANTICIPATED CHALLENGES Differences in state pricing and techniques may require adjustment of data. Inability of get documented information on some requirements might lead to reliance on word of mouth. REFERENCES Abdulsalam Usman K., 2009. Evaluation ofNigeria’s benefits from the African growth and opportunity act (AGOA) Adebiyi D., Ehui S., Ukeje E. and Mclntire J. Agricultural export potentials inNigeria. Adel Beshai A., 1984. The economics of a primary commodity: Gum Arabic. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 46(4), pp.371-81, Aghughu O.and Mokwunye M.U.B 2010. Restoring Nigeria’s lead in Gum Arabic production: Prospects and challenges. Report and opinion 2(4) 7-13 Anaekwe Everistus N., 2010.   Processing gum arabic for huge profit in Nigeria.   http://farriconsultingng.blogspot.com/2010/09/processing-gum-arabic-for-huge-profit.html Business World, 2010. Earn foreign exchange processing Gum Arabic. Dengle Y.G, Wuranti V., Abubakar M. and Ogwuche P. 2008. Analysis of the technical inefficiency of gum Arabic based cropping patterns among farmers in the gum Arabic belt of Nigeria. Journal of agriculture and social science Edordu C.C, Oramah B.O and Osuntogun A. 1997.   Potentials for diversifying Nigeria’s non-oil exports to non-traditional markets. AERC Research Paper 68 Edward Barbier 1992. Rehabilitating Gum Arabic systems in Sudan: economic and environmental implications. Environmental and resources economics 2: 341-58 Inye Nathan Briggs 2007.Nigeria: mainstreaming trade policy into national development strategies Lelom, J. et al., 2010.   Assessment of physical properties of gum Arabic from acaciaSenegalvarieties in Baringo district,Kenya. Kolawole O. and Henry O. Foreign direct investment, non-oil exports and economic growth inNigeria, a causality analysis. Yisa A. A. 2009.   Cassava markets: option for sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. Ozean Journal of applied science 2(2) OECD-FAO, 2006.   Agricultural outlook 2006-2015. Production of gum Arabic, extension bulletin number 78 forestry series no 11 Market News service (MNS) quarterly edition Sep 2008 Gum Arabic Rosemary O. Nigeria’s non-oil export product mix and the competitive global market place. Sonja V. and Lorenzo C. 2010. Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for small holders. Truman P., Daphne S., Lateef S. and Malachy O. 2004. A cassava industrial revolution in Nigeria. IFAD. Xinshen D., Dorosh P., Sheikh M.R 2007. Market opportunities for African agriculture: General equilibrium examination of demand-side constraints on agricultural growth in east and southernAfrica.

Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Example

Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Example Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay Examining The Effects Of Having An Abortion Theology Religion Essay but overall the rates are increasing, which is a bad mark, because it shows that although engineering has increased and there are now other methods of abortion, people are disregarding the fact that abortion is slaying. Statisticss on abortion in South Africa: 85A 000 Abortions taking topographic point annually 500 Women dice every twelvemonth because they use the pill incorrect/ misuse it 425 adult females die due to illegal abortion 42 00 to 167A 000 illegal abortions are done every twelvemonth in South Africa and there is nil we can make about it. There is a jurisprudence that states the demands, but it is hard to implement when you do nt cognize about the backstreet abortions 50 % of all gestations end up in a abortion More than 500A 000 adult females have had an abortion since the jurisprudence has been implemented in 1996 The Numberss are striking sky high, in Limpopo the Numberss increased from 533 to about 4864 in 2006 24 % of abortions performed in South Africa are done within the 2nd trimester of the gestation and this is unsafe to the adult female s wellness and worse for the unborn babe. There are about 350 installations that perform abortion, but in 2007 merely 60 % of these medical clinics ( infirmaries ) were working/functioning. Many times we wonder why adult females prefer abortions over alternate methods, and most of the clip we think the ground is colza, good there stats say something else. Why are abortions performed? 1 % because of colza or sexual maltreatment 1 % because the kid will hold abnormalcies 3 % choose abortion because the adult female s wellness is at hazard 91 % prefer abortion as a method of birth control. These are the other grounds why adult females chose abortion: 25 % want to prorogue holding a kid 8 % do nt desire more kids than the already have 21,3 % of adult female ca nt afford a babe at that phase 11 % think or believe it will interrupt their job/education 14 % of the clip the spouse does nt desire the babe 12 % are excessively immature or any other expostulation 2 % choose abortion for another ground Teenage Pregnancy stats in South Africa: 66A 000 misss we re reported being pregnant in 2002, and that was their alibi for non go toing school The adolescent gestation rate rose to 86A 000 in 2004, and these misss still blamed their gestation on non go toing an educational installation More than a 1/3 of the babes that are born in South Africa have female parents that are 19 old ages of age or younger. One in every three misss has already had a babe by the clip they reach age 20 There is one instance where 71 % of the misss in a high school ion Soweto fell pregnant ( one the outskirts of Johannesburg ) 12 % of sexually active adolescents ( age 12-14 ) have neer used protection during sexual intercourse State Adolescent birth rate per 1000 adult females 15-19 A Israel 17 A Iceland 19 A Croatia 19 A United Kingdom 20 A Hungary 21 A Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 A Slovakia 24 A Estonia 26 A New Zealand 27 A Belarus 27 A Russia 30 A Georgia 33 A Macedonia 34 A Armenia 34 A Romania 37 A Ukraine 38 A Saudi Arabia 38 A Bulgaria 41 A Chile 44 A Brazil 45 A United States 53 A Indonesia 55 A Mexico 64 A South Africa 66 A India 73 A Nigeria 103 A Niger 233 This tabular array shows how the adolescent gestation rate is spread across the universe. South Africa with a population of about 49.3 million ( 66 adult females in every 1000, between the ages of 15 and 19, autumn pregnant ) , has some of the highest Numberss, compared to Russia who has 141 million people, but merely 30 out of 1000 autumn pregnant. Teenage gestation depends on a figure of things: Fortunes ( whether you are exposed to sexual maltreatment, poorness etc ) Location ( high offense and colza countries will increase figure of gestations ) Education ( if the adolescents are informed about the effects of abortion and whether or non they had Sex Ed ) Contraceptives ( do they hold entree to the protection necessary ) Culture ( in many civilizations it is required for the miss to get married at the age of 14 or 15 ) I think that many uneducated adolescents abort the kid because that is the easiest manner out and a speedy hole . Here are some facts that are against abortion and that show what truly happens when you have an abortion There are many complications for the female parent even if the process is legal. ( Whether it is emotional, physical or even religious, the female parent will endure in legion ways ) Physical effects that the female parent might endure from Psychological effects that the female parent might hold: Death Compunction and guilt Asepsis Suicide efforts Miscarriages in the hereafter Lower self-pride ( weakness and bereavement ) Menstrual jobs Might experience more choler which can take t kid maltreatment Infections Hate for those with a connexion to it Bleeding and a batch of hurting Ca nt forgive yourself Breast malignant neoplastic disease No more an involvement in sex 7. What are the general sentiments sing abortion: ( friends/family ) ( see interviews attached ) Number of ballots Abortion is a touchy topic and non many people are familiar with what precisely abortion entails. Many have a certain position because they have been raised in such a mode, but in the terminal it is your ain pick. I decided to interview five of my household members, and seek to analyze what they know and think about the construct abortion . I interviewed my cousins ( age 15 and 21 ) , my parents ( age 47-50 ) , my Aunt ( age 44 ) and my grandmother ( age 62 ) , merely so that I have a wide overview of the different age groups and what they conceive as slaying and when they think life starts. It was interesting to see that many of them thought that abortion was slaying, but yet they believe the adult female has the right to kill the babe. That was seen in the younger age groups and the inquiries asked to the older interviewees showed that they really thought about it and found it hard to do a determination. They believe abortion is slaying and so merely God decides when to take and give life. Our organic structure is merely borrowed to us here on Earth, so why do we have the right to make up ones mind what happens to the babe turning inside this borrowed organic structure? There were assorted feelings when it came to the inquiry about a rape-victim, since the babe being formed inside of your uterus, was nt done out of an act of love, but instead fury and force. Although God has a program for us all and everything that happens to us has a greater intent in the terminal, we do nt needfully see the bigger image at that place and so. We merely see the hatred and unhappiness, but in order for us to be free, we need to forgive the individual so that your life can be filled with copiousness. My household s ideas on the subject abortion are really broad, since none of them have of all time been in the state of affairs where they needed to take action ; but if I look at the inquiries asked and what the 5 interviewees answered, I would state that there is decidedly a negative intension to the word abortion , slaying and ferociousness, all Acts of the Apostless that are most surely non from God. The common feeling is that abortion should be eliminated ( particularly all the barbarous methods of abortion ) and instead think of alternate ways. Rescue those being led off to decease, hold back those astonishing towards slaughter. Proverbs 24:11 8. What professional organisations can advice you on abortion? They defend the defenceless Their purposes are: The protects human life and besides promote the value and being of a life They try to raise the rights of kids They help and back up pregnant female parents ( start of gestation up until existent birth ) Birth Right provides the loving option to abortion Another Organization that can help is the Birth right unit that is situated in Johannesburg and Durban This organisation will assist you if you are pregnant, scared, if you do nt desire to confront the universe and you merely necessitate person to listen. They help by: Giving you a anon. gestation trial Provide information on shelter places Give you apparels Make sure you have the necessary medical, legal and acceptance information When you find yourself on the out of boundss, we re here to assist. This non-profit organisation: Supply support to female parent s that have premature births and that have trouble or any complications during their gestation The intervene with the needful medical intervention, instruction Most significantly they provide a loving bosom and support Africa Cares for Life This Christian organisation provides you with all the necessary information if you find yourself in a crisis gestation. The provide preparation, resources ( medical, nutrient, apparels etc ) And Conferences with the needed advice and support 9. What support system is in topographic point in your school? To the Glory of God Doxa Deo College, a Christian school and college with the right values and ends set in topographic point. In Doxa we have a passion for God I which we strive to link to God on a hebdomadal base in congratulations and worship. A passion for people and service ; we learn to appreciate each other s uniqueness and at the same clip larn what it is to function those around you. A passion for unity, everything we do in Doxa is based on the illustration Jesus set for us. Passion for Tshwane and states is a manner of learning us how to make out and take duty for the demands around us. Passion for leading and growing ; at our school there are many chances to show and better out leading accomplishments, but even more we are able to turn, spiritually and emotionally. We see the dream God has for us. Even though we are a Christian school there are many things we to hold to confront, even the instance of abortion. About a twelvemonth ago, we had a state of affairs in our school, where a miss fell pregnant and chose to abort. The school handled it in a professional mode and supported the miss, her household and her category friends. The school announced what had happened so that no rumor could distribute. The miss was sent place for a few hebdomads in order to retrieve and after that she returned to school to happen the loving support of the school. Doxa will neer project anyone out because of their wickednesss, since it is non our topographic point to reprobate, but merely God. As a household of Christ Doxa s support system is non merely organize direction and managers, but instead the support from God that is worked through his adherents. 10. Decision: Abortion is slaying! This is my decision- abortion is slaying a incapacitated kid and to me personally, I believe that God did non mean for this to go on. In one physical cell, there is already life. It is the beginning of life and it remains the same through all the phases of development ( from inside the female parent s uterus to outside ) Seven yearss after the adult female has missed her catamenial rhythm, the babe s bosom has already started pumping blood through the premature vass. Life has already been initiated by: the breath of life ( Genesis2: 7 ) and so it will go on, until the last breath is given-you dice. God says that at a clip we will hold to stand up for our religion even if it means you might decease, but Christians have to take a stance for what we all SAY we believe. In America, Obama is a broad in many state of affairss, one of them being abortion. He approves the method of Partial birth control and he even said yes to kill a babe that has survived, but suffered an abortion. Abortion is a personal determination non a legal argument so why are we reasoning about whether abortion is acceptable or non. We are seeking to warrant the universe s actions by doing it legal, good that is non true in the eyes of the Lord. Merely He can give and take life and if you choose to travel against His ways, you will one twenty-four hours hold to stand before the King of Kings and warrant your actions of slaying one of His creative activities. Our Father is a God of grace, but God did nt mean for us to slay something that He gave as a gift. The Lord will bless you for your determinations and good plants, but he will besides keep you accountable for your wickednesss. Even though we might be right now ; here on Earth with the Government in charge and as our justice, we will one twenty-four hours bare the effects of our actions when we arrive in Eden and have to confront the true, all-powerful judge-GodaˆÂ ¦ Pregnancy is a gift of God, to be able to transport a kid inside a adult female is a miracle and God planned life in this manner. By aborting you are slaying, which is wickedness. Number 35: 33 Do non foul the land where you are. Bloodshed pollutes the land, and expiation can non be made for the land on which blood has been shed, except by the blood of the 1 who shed it. Abortion is legal in the universe s eyes, but non in God s. Although slaying is incorrect in the eyes of the Lord and besides the Government ( since you can be sent to imprison for slaying, but so what about abortion? ) the universe still chooses the easy manner out-terminate the pregnancy-abortion. It is now your ain determination that will do the difference, live with the babe God has made inside of you, or foul the land with the blood of guiltless babes. I say NO to abortion! God says that to slay is sin and besides sex before matrimony is sin. If you abstain from sex before matrimony you would nt necessitate to hold to abort and you will be populating the manner God has proposed for us to populate. So why would we wish to follow the footfalls of America where 1.6 million unborn babes are murdered every twelvemonth? Rather have the babe and live up to your moral criterions and happen an alternate method, by giving the babe up for acceptance or traveling to a installation where they can back up you and your babe. If I fell pregnant, I would NOT abort, I will populate with the kid God has given me and I know that God will travel with me and be my pillar of strength when I need Him, God says: Trust in the LORD with all your bosom and thin non on your ain apprehension. Proverbs 3:5 And that is precisely what I will make ; I wo nt tilt on my ain apprehension, something that the universe should make every bit good. Mother Theresas: I ever say one thing. If a female parent can kill her ain kid, so what is left of the West to be destroyed? It is hard to explicate, but it is merely that. Everyone has the right to life, even an unborn childaˆÂ ¦ 11. Glossary Forcepss: An instrument used to pull out or pull strings something. Almost like a brace of tongs, used by a sawbones Ultrasound: This is really high frequence moving ridges that are excessively high for the human ear to hear. The sound moving ridges can resile of tissue and so an image is formed ( echogram ) during an ultrasound for a pregnant adult female Legislation: A proposed jurisprudence, the act of jurisprudence devising Fluctuates: Something ( whether Numberss, the conditions or certain forms ) change invariably. It goes up and down Asepsis: If the adult female is sterile, non able to gestate a kid Broad: open-minded, free thought, even if it means traveling against the will of God

The Books of Homers Iliad

The Books of Homer's Iliad The Iliad, an epic poem attributed to Homer and the oldest extant piece of European literature, is conventionally divided into 24 books. Here youll find an approximately one-page summary of each book, a description of the major characters and sometimes places, and an English translation. For help identifying the topic of each book, phrases or tags follow the summary link. Books 1-4 have cultural notes to help you as you start reading the Iliad. [The Odyssey | For a Greek version of The Iliad, see ​The Chicago Homer.] I Summary.Supplication. Plague. Quarrel.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book I II Summary.Greeks and Trojans get ready for battle.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book II III Summary.Paris single combat with Menelaus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book III IV Summary.Quarrel among the gods.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.Cultural Notes on Iliad Book IV V Summary.Athena helps Diomedes. He injures Aphrodite and Ares.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VI Summary.Andromache begs Hector not to fight.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VII Summary.Ajax and Hector fight, but neither wins. Paris refuses to give up Helen.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. VIII Summary.2nd battle; Greeks beaten back.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. IX Summary.Agamemnon returns Briseis to Achilles.Major Character s of the Book.English Translation. X Summary.Odysseus and Diomedes capture a Trojan spy.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XI Summary.Nestor urges Patroclus to persuade Achilles to lend him his armor and his men.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XII Summary.Trojans get through Greek walls.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XIII Summary.Poseidon helps the Greeks.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XIV Summary.Largely through the shenanigans of the gods, the Trojans are driven back. Hector is wounded.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XV Summary.Apollo sent to heal Hector. Hector burns Greek ships.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVI Summary.Achilles lets Patroclus wear his armor and lead his Myrmidons. Hector kills Patroclus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVII Summary.Achilles learns Patroclus is dead.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XVIII Summary.Achilles mourns. Shield of Achilles.Major Cha racters of the Book.English Translation. XIX Summary.Reconciled with Agamemnon, Achilles agrees to lead the Greeks.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XX Summary.Gods join the battle. Hera, Athena, Poseidon, Hermes, and Hephaestus for the Greeks. Apollo, Artemis, Ares, and Aphrodite for the Trojans.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXI Summary.Achilles winning. Trojans retreat.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXII Summary.Hector and Achilles meet in single combat. Death of Hector.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXIII Summary.Funeral Games for Patroclus.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation. XXIV Summary.Hector desecration, return, and burial.Major Characters of the Book.English Translation.

Sex Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Sex Tourism - Essay Example The foremost conclusion of this qualitative research has been that sex tourism is rapidly increasing in hospitality industry across the globe, and the examples of Thailand, Hong Kong and Caribbean countries confirm this fact. Apart from this, the paper also analyses the various fundamental aspects that help to grow sex tourism within hospitality industry and deal with the important legislations affecting sex tourism in hospitality industry. Sex tourism, which refers to trips organized from within the tourism sector in order to engage in sexual activity with prostitutes, has become one of the most booming industries across the globe in recent years, thanks mainly to the advancements in hospitality industry. Significantly, sex tourism incorporates a number of mercantile sexual activities, agencies and academics spread all over the world and there various types of sex tourism, within the broad category, such as sex tourism, child sex tourism and female sex tourism. There are various factors that contribute to the growth and distribution of this industry across the globe and the scholars in the field emphasise the ever-widening nature of this industry. Several studies connected with hospitality industry conclude that sex tourism has become a very lucrative industry which spans the globe. Thus, it is fundamental to comprehend that â€Å"in 1998, the International Labour Organization reported its calculations that 2-14% of the gross domestic product of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand derives from sex tourism. In addition, while Asian countries, including Thailand, India, and the Philippines, have long been prime destinations for child-sex tourists, in recent years, tourists have increasingly travelled to Mexico and Central America for their sexual exploits as well.† (Nair). Therefore, it is indubitable that the booming industry of sex tourism has attained significance all over the world and

The Legal System of the European Union Research Paper

The Legal System of the European Union - Research Paper Example The treaty that established the Constitution for Europe was signed in the year 2004, but as at 2007, it became apparent that the treaty would not be ratified by member states. The Reform Treaty or the Treaty of Lisbon, which included an amended version of the original constitutional text of the Treaty that established the European Constitution, as well as numerous changes to the EU, was signed in December 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal. The aim of the new treaty was to ratify it in its member countries before the European elections held in 2009. The future of the Lisbon Treaty is uncertain following its rejection by a referendum in Ireland in the year 2008 and its ratification in other member states is still on hold since 2008 (Barnard, 2007). From the start, the plan behind establishing a common legal and economic community in Europe was to create a common market. This vision formally materialized in 1993, and is currently down the path of monetary, political and economic union. At this s tage, it is imperative to point out the EU member states. From 2008, EU member states are Germany, Austria, Cyprus, Ireland, Latvia, Belgium, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark, Italy, Estonia, Finland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Hungary, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. However, Turkey Republic of Macedonia and Croatia are currently official member countries while Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia, Montenegro and Serbia are potential member candidates (Albi, 2008). The EU is continually enlarging its scope through the accession of new member states. The enlargement process started with the inner six nations that founded the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952, namely, Belgium, France, West, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherlands. Since then, membership to the EU has grown dramatically. European Integration refers to the method of improvement although this term also refers to the increased cooperation betwe en EU members through the process of gradual harmonization of individual, national laws. In order to become a member of the EU, a state must meet numerous political and economic thresholds referred to as the Copenhagen Criteria, established pursuant to the Copenhagen summit of 1993. The criteria require that the state has a stable, democratic government, which upholds the rule of land, as well as the consequential institutions and freedoms under law. Pursuant to the Maastricht Treaty, all member states together with the European Parliament must approve any enlargement (Bache & George, 2006). The operations of the EU run through a scheme of supranational independent institutions, as well as decisions negotiated by member states through an intergovernmental system. The EU systems allow free interchange of goods, people, services, and capital among EU member states as within a nation. This means that there are no tariff restrictions among member states. Furthermore, the EU member state s use a single unified set of tariffs on goods and services imported from outside the union. This tariff is referred to as the common customs tariff. The establishment of a single, unified EU market has had